Impulsa Galicia meets with the ICT sector to present them the data centre that will contribute to the digitalization of Galicia
The entities congratulated the launch of this new infrastructure that is open to the entire Galician economic fabric.
The public-private partnership Impulsa Galicia, whose main objective is to streamline strategic projects that contribute to the transformation of the Galician economy through a green and digital model, met with the main entities of the ICT sector operating in the community. The purpose of the meeting was to present them in detail the construction project of a large data centre and to familiarize them with the operation of the partnership. Miguel Corgos, Regional Minister of Finance and Public Administration and board member of Impulsa Galicia; Enyd López, General Director of the partnership; Juan Luis Vargas-Zúñiga, General Director of Capital Markets, Management and Institutional Distribution at Abanca and member of the technical committee of Impulsa Galicia; and David Gómez, General Director of the Data Centre division at Ingenostrum, the company promoting the data centre, participated in the meeting. This meeting is part of a series of sectoral meetings of Impulsa Galicia with the Galician business fabric.
In the meeting held in A Coruña, Miguel Corgos recalled that Impulsa Galicia is a tool created at the request of the Xunta to develop projects framed within the Galicia Transformation Hub, which are characterized by meeting two basic requirements: "contributing to the energy transition and the digitalization of Galicia." In this context, the need arose for the construction of a large data centre with a differential offer compared to what currently exists in Galicia: "the data storage capacity, which is why it is designed to accommodate 15 MW IT, and sustainability, which is why we demand that it be carbon-positive, meaning that it not only be environmentally neutral, but also that the heat generated by its activity can be utilized by another industry," stated the Regional Minister.
On her part, the General Director of the partnership, Enyd López, explained that "in every Impulsa Galicia project, we seek to create synergies with the local business fabric" and emphasized that the data centre is a project open to "all companies, entities, and administrations based in Galicia, regardless of their size. We work to enhance the competitiveness of all of them."
Juan Luis Vargas-Zúñiga, a member of the technical committee of the partnership, stated that Impulsa Galicia has taken the first step with the launch of the project, and now "we must, together, be able to consolidate it." He challenged those present to express what they seek in an unparalleled infrastructure in the Galician market, which will enable them to stop outsourcing data storage services.
In this way, one by one, the attending ICT entities took the floor. They all expressed their gratitude for the invitation and open dialogue and congratulated the initiative of having a data centre that serves the entire Galician business fabric and aligns with the increasing market demand for sustainability.
On his part, David Gómez from Ingenostrum clarified that the project is in an early stage. "Currently, we are looking for a location and considering agreements with various types of partners, including end customers and cloud service providers," he stated.
Representatives from the ICT Cluster, Altia, R, Plexus, Dinahosting, ITG, NTTDATA Spain, Gradiant, Feuga, Cidade das TIC, CiQUS, CITIC, CETIM, Galvintec, and ITG attended the meeting.
ABOUT THE DATA CENTRE PROJECT
The objective of the construction and implementation project of a large data centre, in line with the National Recovery, Transformation, and Resilience Plan, is the modernization and digitalization of the Galician business fabric. This project aims to provide the Galician SMEs, large companies, and public institutions with the necessary data storage capacity, high-speed connectivity, sufficient bandwidth, and low latency (temporal delays within a network) to facilitate the digitalization of SMEs by offering services that they cannot currently obtain in the market, ensuring economies of scale and cost efficiencies.
The projected 15MW IT capacity would allow hosting the data of Galician companies, thereby providing Galicia with sovereignty over the control of community data.
Over the past year, Impulsa Galicia has carried out the conceptualization, project design, and search for an investment and development partner. The Spanish company Ingenostrum has been chosen to lead the project, partnering with the engineering firm Nexitic, specialized in the design of such infrastructures.
The total investment is estimated at 400 million euros, with 130 million allocated to the construction itself and the remaining 270 million to be invested in IT servers and technology.
The construction phase of the data centre is expected to generate approximately 200 jobs, which typically last for about a year in this type of infrastructure project. Following that, around 100 high-skilled positions would be created for its maintenance, including both direct and indirect employment opportunities.
Impulsa Galicia and Xunta de Galicia hold a working meeting on the future Natural Resources Law
Within the round of consultations initiated at the end of March by the Xunta de Galicia to find out the opinion of different professional sectors and agents on the future Law of Natural Resources, the First Vice-President and Regional Minister of Economy, Industry and Innovation, Francisco Conde, accompanied by the Regional Minister of Finance and Public Administration, Miguel Corgos, and the Regional Minister of Rural Environment, José González, met with the technical committee and the general management of Impulsa Galicia.
The meeting discussed how the future regulation will require environmental impact statements to evaluate the social and economic effects of projects, including aspects such as the participation of local investors, the creation of employment in the area, the reduction of energy costs and the preservation of cultural and natural assets. It was also discussed in which projects the future Utility, a public-private company that will be created to ensure that part of the profits from the use of natural resources have a direct positive impact on Galicia as a whole, will be able to participate.
Impulsa Galicia presents itself to Madrid's business and investment community
The Xunta de Galicia, Abanca, Reganosa and the directors of of the current driving projects promoters, give the keys to why the public-private partnership is a unique tool in Spain.
7 March 2023
The main hall of the Casa de Galicia was too small for those who wished to attend the presentation of the company Impulsa Galicia in the Spanish capital. In it, entrepreneurs and investors had the opportunity to learn the value of this tool for the development of driving projects from the experience of all parties involved. Speakers included the president of the Xunta de Galicia, Alfonso Rueda; the First from the experience of all parties involved Vice-President of the Xunta de Galicia and President of Impulsa Galicia, Francisco Conde; the Chairman of Abanca, Juan Carlos Escotet; the General Manager of Reganosa and member of the Impulsa Galicia technical committee, Emilio Bruquetas; the General Manager of Capital Markets, Institutional Management and Distribution of Abanca and member of the technical committee of Impulsa Galicia, Juan Luis Vargas-Zúñiga; the CEO of Altri Group, José Pina; the Director of New Businesses of Naturgy, Silvia Sanjoaquín; the Director of Renewable Fuels of Repsol, Berta Cabello; the CEO of Ingenostrum, Santiago Rodriguez and the General Director of Impulsa Galicia, Enyd López.
In his speech, the Chairman of Abanca, Juan Carlos Escotet, stressed that Impulsa Galicia has a characteristic that makes it exceptional: “it aspires to project itself over time. It was created to influence, under sustainability criteria, the development of an economic structure that is increasingly more productive, more competitive and more inclusive”.
For his part, the Vice-President of the Xunta de Galicia and President of Impulsa, Francisco Conde, assured those present that in Galicia “there is a deep interest in attracting investment towards the objective that we have from the point of view of economic policy, which is to commit to an industrial agenda in the 2030 horizon (...) Impulsa is situated in this context. It aims to be the platform for business initiatives that are the driving force behind this industrial agenda”.
Emilio Bruquetas and Juan Luis Vargas-Zúñiga, as members of the technical committee, briefly explained the origins of Impulsa and the nature of the projects underway. Both emphasised the circularity of the projects, not only because they are sustainable, but also because they are projects that will generate other projects, expanding into other sectors and attracting investment and talent from outside.
Investment such as that being made by the Portuguese company Altri in this initial phase of the start-up of a pioneering industrial complex for the production of textile fibres from certified Galician wood. José Pina, CEO of Altri, stated that one of the reasons for deciding to invest in this project was the support of the Administration through Impulsa Galicia.
In the same line, Berta Cabello of Repsol and Silvia Sanjoaquín of Naturgy, the companies promoting, together with Reganosa, the project to generate biogas and fertilisers from surplus livestock manure, stressed the importance of collaboration between the Administration and companies. In a project “unique for providing a solution for the whole territory” and within the framework of decarbonisation, they highlighted the great importance of collaboration between the Administration and companies. This was also confirmed by Santiago Rodríguez, CEO of Ingenostrum, the company that will lead the construction of a large data centre that will facilitate the digitisation of the business and institutional fabric of Galicia and make data storage and processing cheaper.
Finally, and to close the day, the President of the Xunta, Alfonso Rueda, encouraged those present to invest in Galicia and in its driving projects, because the current projects "have come to be a reality and although we are at the beginning of the road, this will open the doors to many other projects that we want to do in Galicia (...) Entrepreneurship in Galicia is worthwhile," he said.
Impulsa Galicia selects Ingenostrum as industrial partner for the implementation of a large data centre
The infrastructure offers up to 15 MW IT that would give the community sovereignty in the control of its data.
It would involve a total investment of 400 million euros and the generation of around 100 highly qualified direct and indirect jobs.
1 March 2023
The public-private company Impulsa Galicia, whose main objective is to contribute to the transformation of the Galician economy, has selected Ingenostrum as an industrial partner to begin analysing the feasibility of a large data centre. This infrastructure would represent a turning point in the digitisation of the business and institutional fabric of the autonomous community. This was communicated by those responsible for the project to the President of the Xunta de Galicia, Alfonso Rueda, at a meeting held this afternoon at the headquarters of the Galician Government, attended by Francisco Conde, First Vice-President of the Xunta and President of Impulsa Galicia; Miguel Corgos, Regional Minister of Finance of the Xunta and member of the technical committee of Impulsa Galicia; Juan Luis Vargas-Zúñiga, General Manager of Capital Markets, Management and Institutional Distribution of ABANCA and member of the technical committee of Impulsa Galicia; Enyd López, General Director of Impulsa Galicia; Santiago Rodríguez, CEO of Ingenostrum and David Gómez, Deputy General Manager of Ingenostrum.
The objective of the project for the construction and implementation of a large data centre, in line with the National Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan, is the modernisation and digitisation of the Galician business fabric. This project seeks to provide Galician SMEs, large companies and public institutions with a technological solution that guarantees the data storage they need, high-speed connectivity, sufficient bandwidth and low latency (temporary delays within a network), thus facilitating the digitisation of SMEs by offering services that they would not be able to obtain today on the market, ensuring economies of scale and cost efficiencies. In addition, it would allow the establishment of synergies with projects already underway in Galicia.
The planned 15MW IT capacity would allow hosting the data of the vast majority of Galician companies, which would give Galicia sovereignty over the control of the community's data.
Over the last year, Impulsa Galicia carried out the conceptualisation and design of the project and the search for an investment partner and promoter. The Spanish company Ingenostrum has been chosen to lead the project, and will go hand in hand with the engineering firm Nexitic, specialised in the design of this type of infrastructure.
A total investment of EUR 400 million is estimated, of which EUR 130 million would be devoted to the construction itself and the remaining EUR 270 million would be invested in the information technology (IT) servers.
Around 200 jobs would be generated during the construction period, which in this type of infrastructure usually lasts for a year, and afterwards, around 100 highly qualified jobs would be created for its maintenance, both direct and indirect.
The General Director of Impulsa Galicia, Enyd López, stressed that “the data centre is one of the projects included in the Galician Transformation Hub, with which we are making progress in achieving a digital and sustainable economic model. We developped an innovative idea, we turned it into a driving project and we found a technologist and investor for it to prosper outside our umbrella”. We are very satisfied,” she added, “to find a solid partner and also to articulate everything that lies ahead as a national project, the result of public-private collaboration and which will serve the whole of Galician society, making us leaders in digitization”.
According to Santiago Rodríguez, CEO of Ingenostrum: “This is a very exciting project for Ingenostrum because it consolidates us as a leading company in the conceptualisation of data centres. We are confident that this initiative will be a boost for the data centre sector in our country and will help us to establish ourselves as the new technological hub of Europe”.
Impulsa Galicia initiates a series of sectoral meetings with the Galician business community to advance in the development of new driving projects
Francisco Conde, first Vice-president of the Xunta de Galicia and president of the company, took part in the first of the conferences, which focused on the energy sector
The public-private company Impulsa Galicia, whose main objective is to streamline strategic projects that contribute to the transformation of the Galician economy through a green and digital model, met with the main energy companies operating in Galicia. The purpose of the meeting was to inform them about the functioning of the company, as well as to make itself available to them for the development of new driving projects. The meeting was attended by Francisco Conde, first Vice-president of the Xunta and president of Impulsa Galicia, Enyd López, General Director of the company, and Paula Uría, General Secretary of Industry of the Galician government.
With this conference, Impulsa Galicia is beginning a round of sectoral meetings with the Galician business community. In this first meeting, focused on the energy sector, Francisco Conde stressed that Impulsa Galicia is a tool created at the behest of the Xunta de Galicia to develop those projects framed in the Galician Transformation Hub, but that it has a vocation for the future and is at the service of all Galician companies: "Beyond the projects that you are carrying out in Galicia as promoters, count on Impulsa Galicia for those projects that you could not undertake alone; transformative projects from the energy point of view and that generate great impact".
In her speech, the company's general director, Enyd López, explained how, after taking charge of the conceptualisation phase of an idea and developing the business project, they look for an industrial partner or investor to study its viability. "We sign a memorandum of understanding with the selected development partner to ensure that the project is inclusive and that the value stays in Galicia, while generating an industrial footprint and a driving effect on the entire value chain, placing the SME at the centre of the strategy. Subsequently, we accompanied it throughout the process of economic, technical and financial feasibility analysis to take the project to the final investment decision," López explained.
By way of illustration, both Francisco Conde and Enyd López referred to the project for the generation of sustainable textile fibres, whose industrial partner is Altri, and the project for the generation of biogas and organic fertilisers from surplus livestock manure, in which Impulsa Galicia collaborates with Repsol, Reganosa and Naturgy.
For their part, the representatives of the attending companies and associations from the energy sector were grateful for the meeting and the open dialogue. They consider useful and necessary a unique tool such as Impulsa Galicia, where administration and business work together and thanked the efforts of the Xunta to expedite the processing of projects that industrialise and digitise Galicia.
The meeting was attended by representatives from Endesa, Iberdrola, Windar, EDPR, Repsol, ASIME, the Galician Hydrogen Association, CLUERGAL, Clúster de Biomasa, AGAEN, Adelanta and Galenergy.
Impulsa Galicia analyses with the President of the Xunta de Galicia the progress of the main transformational projects underway
Alfonso Rueda highlights the community's commitment to alternative energies and initiatives to promote the circular economy that will place Galicia at the forefront of renewables and the sustainable economy.
The Impulsa Galicia technical committee met with the President of the Xunta de Galicia, Alfonso Rueda, to analyse the main strategic projects launched for the advancement of the region and the opportunities for their development.
Specifically, the committee reported on the status of leading initiatives such as projects revolving around the recovery of textile fibres, technological advances at the service of the community or the implementation of alternatives that enable Galician society and its business sector to compete in the field of energy.
Impulsa's technical committee agreed that the projects the company is working on within the Galician Transformation Hub show a commitment to alternative energies and initiatives to promote the circular economy that will place the region at the forefront of renewables and the sustainable economy.
Reganosa, Repsol and Naturgy collaborate with Impulsa Galicia in the promotion of a project to transform surplus slurry and other waste into biomethane and organic fertilizers
In an initial phase, once the required administrative authorizations have been obtained, the three energy companies would invest 146 million euros to generate 300 GWh of renewable energy annually with 1.2 million tons of livestock manure
The first production plant of this programme is planned in Meirama, with five pre-treatment centres associated
The initiative would make it possible to reduce external energy dependence and develop the circular economy in the autonomous community. In its full deployment, it would avoid the emission of 500,000 tons of CO2 equivalent per year and up to 600 direct and 1,900 indirect jobs would be created
The companies thus contribute to decarbonising Galician transport, industry and agri-food activity
The project has been presented to four central government ministries with the aim of fitting it into Next Generation funds
28 September 2022
Reganosa, Repsol and Naturgy collaborate with Impulsa Galicia to develop the circular economy with a project that would transform surplus livestock manure and other waste on a large scale into biomethane, organic fertilizers and CO2 neutral of biological origin. This initiative has been designed to optimise slurry management in the autonomous community, reduce energy dependence on the outside, facilitate compliance with new European standards and help decarbonise industry, households and mobility. The promoters are currently carrying out fieldwork and trials that give continuity to months of previous studies and research.
The project consists of progressively deploying throughout the territory a network of plants that value surpluses of bovine, porcine and poultry slurries mixed with a smaller amount of FORS (organic fraction of separate collection) and RIO (organic industrial waste) of the agri-food sector for the production of renewable energy. This is reflected in the memorandum of understanding that Reganosa, Repsol and Naturgy have recently signed with Impulsa, the mixed society promoted by the Xunta de Galicia with the aim of accompanying business initiatives that affect the dynamization, progress and transformation of the Galician economy through a green and digital model.
In an initial phase, the three energy companies plan to build a first anaerobic digestion plant that produces renewable gas and five pre-treatment plants associated with it to dehydrate the surplus bovine slurry. The renewable gas generation plant would be located in Meirama (Cerceda), a fair transition zone, while the five pretreatment plants would be divided, in a first phase, by municipalities in the same province of Coruña and Lugo, according to a distribution based on the Galician map of livestock farms, thus optimizing logistics between both types of facilities.
With an investment of approximately 146 million euros, in this first phase, 1,240,000 tons of surplus slurry would be treated annually and, in addition to organic fertilizers and CO2 neutral, about 300 gigawatts per hour (GWh) of biomethane would be produced and injected into the natural gas network. This renewable gas would be used to decarbonize different sectors, such as transport, residential and industrial, and could be used in the processes of the Repsol refinery in A Coruña.
Extension to all Galicia
Once this initial phase has been completed, the promoters intend to extend the circular economy project in the future to the whole of Galicia, implementing a centralised network for the treatment of surplus livestock manure. This system will ensure the availability to livestock farmers of the slurry necessary to sustainably fertilise their land, as well as the economic viability of their farms. The developers' calculations show that around 6 million tonnes of waste could be recovered each year. Rounding off, the biomethane produced (1 TWh per year) would be equivalent to 7% of the natural gas imports that are now demanded in Galicia, with which the community would substantially advance in its energy autonomy and in the consumption of renewables. The project has been submitted to four ministries of the central Government (Economy, Ecological Transition, Agriculture and Industry) with the aim of fitting it into the Next Generation funds, both for its circularity component and for the fact that it provides a green and indigenous energy source from the surplus of livestock manure.
In this way, the global project would also avoid the emission into the atmosphere of about 500,000 tons of CO2 per year and create quality jobs in the context of the ecological transition and in sparsely populated areas. In short, just over 600 direct and 1,900 indirect jobs, considering both the operation of the plants and transport logistics.
The implementation of this initiative would contribute to compliance with the new European environmental legislation on the protection of agricultural soil and effluent control, as well as sustainable nutrition of agricultural soil, and would address recurrent issues in slurry management and storage.
Innovative for its concept of global integration in the face of dispersion, this project exemplifies at the same time the new model of public-private cooperation and between companies in the same sector, being open to the participation of other companies.
"The parties involved in this project have worked very intensively to provide a solvent technical solution; now we need to create the regulatory framework that allows us to develop and implement the advances," said Reganosa CEO Emilio Bruquetas, who calls for policies that encourage "in a clear way" the production of biogas in Spain.
The director of Renewable Fuels of Repsol, Berta Cabello, for her part, has indicated that "with this project, strategic for Repsol, we promote the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from transport and industry, we increase the energy autonomy used renewable gases obtained with local resources and at the same time we promote the circular economy and the sustainability of such an important sector in our country as livestock".
The general director of Renewables, New Businesses and Innovation of Naturgy, Jorge Barredo, stressed that "this biomethane production project will boost the energy transition in Galicia and promote sustainable waste management, taking a step forward towards the circular economy and local socio-economic development, in addition to contributing to reduce energy dependence from abroad".
“This,” said Impulsa CEO Enyd López, “is a very relevant project for Galicia. In its conception and support, the Xunta has advanced twofold: on the one hand, favouring an agile decarbonisation of the economy, and on the other, making it easier for livestock farmers to comply with the regulations that will come from Europe. “And she added: "In addition to promoting the circular economy in isolation, this initiative will help generate an ecosystem of solid projects within the Pole for the Transformation of Galicia."
The Xunta highlights that the As Pontes hydrogen plant project describes what is a fair energy transition for Galicia
The first Vice-president and Regional Minister of Economy, Industry and Innovation, Francisco Conde, attended this morning in As Pontes the presentation of the project in which Reganosa and EDP Renovables foresee an investment of 155M€.
The first Vice-president and Regional Minister of Economy, Industry and Innovation, Francisco Conde, stressed today that the As Pontes hydrogen plant project describes what is a fair energy transition for Galicia. "It is a strategic project to address the process of reindustrialisation of the area", he said and highlighted the institutional collaboration between the Xunta and the City Council - with the confidence that the Government will also join in - together with the collaboration with the business community.
The first Vice-president attended this morning the presentation of this project promoted by Reganosa and EDP Renovables, which foresees an initial investment of €130 million which, adding the different necessary connections, could reach €155 million and have the first phases in operation in 2025.
Conde stressed that the hydrogen plant will allow technological developments to be linked to industrial processes to generate a positive impact on job creation and opportunities. Thus, he advanced that the technological partner of the Reganosa and EDP Renovables project, Siemens Energy, will assemble the electrolysers at the Navantia turbine factory.
As he stressed, the project is part of Galicia's Energy Agenda 2030, in which one of the objectives is the development of renewable energies - Galicia is currently the second largest generator of this type of energy - both traditional and new technologies such as offshore wind or green hydrogen.
Conde explained that the companies have been working for more than two years on this "mature and innovative" project. It was presented to the PERTE* for renewable energy and requested to be declared by the Galician Administration as a strategic industrial project, which would allow greater agility by having a single file to carry out the administrative processing, sectoral analysis and obtaining the necessary licenses. Conde stressed that the presence of this plant is in addition to other industrial projects in the region that will allow its reindustrialisation.
Rueda highlights the value of the collaboration between the Xunta and the Impulsa Galicia Company to face the challenges of the next generations
He requests the commitment of the central government to ensure that these strategic initiatives for Galicia can be implemented as soon as possible.
The head of the Galician Government, Alfonso Rueda, today highlighted the collaboration between the Xunta de Galicia and the Impulsa Galicia Company to face the challenges of the next generations.
In a meeting with the Board of Directors of the entity, the President of the Xunta highlighted the value of the experts' proposals to advance in projects of importance for the country, such as the Galician Transformation Hub.
Alfonso Rueda stressed that the Impulsa Galicia Company was launched in the midst of the pandemic as a forum for public-private collaboration. A company that was born from the proposal made by the Committee of Experts promoted by the Xunta "to draw the way forward" and to which the Galician President thanked "its excellent vision" to face the challenges of the Galicia of 2030, "the one we want to leave to the next generations".
Rueda also stressed the importance of public-private collaboration to boost the growth and consolidation of Galicia's business fabric. "What we need for Galicia are good ideas and good projects", and he gave as an example those that led to the creation of the Galician Transformation Hub, "with national and international companies of recognised prestige".
The head of the Xunta de Galicia insisted on the need for the central government to specify the distribution of aid so that projects that are essential for the economic and industrial development of Galicia are not left out of the PERTE.
Impulsa Galicia presents to the President of the Xunta the main projects it is working on
Rueda requests the commitment of the central government so that these strategic initiatives for Galicia can materialise as soon as possible
The President of the Xunta de Galicia, Alfonso Rueda, held a meeting this morning with the technical committee of the Impulsa Galicia Company, in which the main projects on which Galicia is already working to attract European Next Generation funds were evaluated.
Thus, the Altri sustainable textile fibre factory project is included within the Galician Transformation Hub promoted by the Xunta with the help of the Impulsa Company - in which Abanca, Sogama and Reganosa also participate -. This will be an important milestone in the industrial transformation of Galicia, with an investment of 800 M€ and 2,500 direct and indirect jobs.
As highlighted at the meeting, two other projects integrated in the Hub revolve around this initiative, which serve as a source of energy for the planned factory in Palas de Rei (Lugo): the development of a biomethane production plant from slurry and the development of a green hydrogen centre.
In addition, Rueda highlighted during the meeting that the different projects included in the Galician Transformation Hub are of a strategic nature and have a great capacity of traction on the Galician business fabric, which ensures growth, employment and competitiveness, responding to the challenges that the current context requires from the economic, environmental and social point of view.
For this reason, he stressed, it is hoped that in the framework of the necessary collaboration between administrations, the central government will demonstrate its commitment through the Next Generation funds. Therefore, the Xunta de Galicia is waiting for the President of the Government, Pedro Sánchez, to respond to the request for a meeting as requested by the President of the Galician Executive in view of the need to speed up and decentralise European funds, with the aim of these strategic projects materialising as soon as possible, benefiting above all small and medium-sized enterprises.
The Impulsa Company is a public-private mechanism in which the regional government (40%), Abanca (38%), Reganosa (12%) and Sogama (10%) participate. This company is responsible for accelerating the development of new business projects, such as this textile fibre factory, which contribute to generating economic activity and value chains from which small and medium-sized Galician companies in particular can benefit.
